Duke University - Evolutionary Anthropology

Selected Publications

• • K.E. Glander.
  • A. Estrada, P.A. Garber, M. Pavelka, & L. Luecke.
  • 2006.
  • Average body weight for mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta pallilata): an assessment of average values and variability
  • Book Sections/Chapters
  • New Perspectives In The Study Of Mesoamerican Primates
  • 247-263
  • New York:
  • Springer.
  • 2006
  Abstract

  A comparison of mantled howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) body weights from two Costa Rican populations at Santa Rosa (SR) and La Pacifica (LP) plus the island population of Barro Colorado (BCI) yielded average body weights of 6,445 g for BCI females (N=49), 5,161 g for SR females (N=21), and 4,726 g for LP females (N=663). Average male body weight for these same three populations was 7,562 g for BCI (N=38), 6,573 g for SR (N=15), and 5,790 g for LP (N=288). All three populations are sexually dimorphic with the males being significantly heavier than the females (BCI: F=65.71, P
• • Clarke, M.R., E.L. Zucker, & K.E. Glander.
  • 1994.
  • Group takeover by a natal male howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) and associated disappearances and injuries of immatures
  • Papers Published
  • Primates
  • 35
  • 435-442
  • 1994
• • Ungar, P.S., M.F. Teaford, K.E. Glander & R.F. Pastor.
  • 1995.
  • Dust accumulation in the canopy: a potential cause of dental microwear in primates
  • Papers Published
  • Amer. J. Phy. Anth
  • 97
  • 93-99
  • 1995
• • Teaford, M.R. & K.E. Glander.
  • Norconk, M.A., A.L. Rosenberger & P.A. Garber.
  • 1997.
  • Dental microwear and diet in a wild population of mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata)
  • Papers Published
  • Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates
  • 433-449
  • New York: Plenum Press.
  • 1997
• • Glander, K.E..
  • 1994.
  • Morphometrics and growth in captive aye-ayes
  • Papers Published
  • Folia primatol
  • 62
  • 108-114
  • 1994
• • Milligan, L.A., S.I. Rapoport, M.R. Cranfield, W. Dittus, K.E. Glander, O.T. Oftedal, M.L. Power, C.A. Whittier, & R.P. Bazinet.
  • 2008.
  • Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks
  • Journal Articles
  • Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
  • 149
  • 74-82
  • 2008
  Abstract

  Fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. Anthropoid primates (apes, Old and New World monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. Milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. This study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (Alouatta palliata, Callithrix jacchus, Gorilla beringei beringei, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca sinica) to test the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk fatty acid composition. Milk from New and Old World monkeys had significantly more 8:0 and 10:0 than milk from apes. The leaf eating species G. b. beringei and A. paliatta had a significantly higher proportion of milk 18:3n-3, a fatty acid found primarily in plant lipids. Mean percent composition of 22:6n-3 was significantly different among monkeys and apes, but was similar to the lowest reported values for human milk. Mountain gorillas were unique among anthropoids in the high proportion of milk 20:4n-6. This seems to be unrelated to requirements of a larger brain and may instead reflect speciesspecific metabolic processes or an unknown source of this fatty acid in the mountain gorilla diet.
• • Mittermeier, R.A,. J.U. Ganzhorn, W.R. Konstant, K. Glander & I. Tattersall, C.P. Groves, A.B. Rylands, A. Hapke, J. Ratsimbazafy, M.I. Mayor, E.E. Louis Jr., Y. Rumpler, C. Schwitzer, & R.M. Rasoloarison.
  • 2008.
  • Lemur Diversity in Madagascar
  • Journal Articles
  • Int J Primatol
  • 29
  • 1607-1656
  • DOI 10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
  • 2008
  Abstract

  A basic understanding of the taxonomy, diversity, and distributions of primates is essential for their conservation. This review of the status of the taxonomy of lemurs is based on a 5-d workshop entitled “Primate Taxonomy for the New Millennium,” held at the Disney Institute, Orlando, Florida, in February 2000. The aim is not to present a taxonomic revision, but to review our current understanding of the diversity and current and past ranges of lemurs and indicate where there is controversy, discrepancy, or lack of knowledge. Our goal therefore is to provide a baseline for future taxonomic investigation, as well as a clearer focus for researchand conservation priorities. We here focus on the lemurs of Madagascar and recognize 5 families, 15 genera, and 99 species and subspecies. We list 39 species of lemurs described since 2000: 2 dwarf lemurs, Cheirogaleus; 11 mouse lemurs, Microcebus; a giant mouse lemur, Mirza; a bamboo lemur, Hapalemur; 17 sportive lemurs, Lepilemur; and 7 woolly lemurs, Avahi. Taxonomic revisions have resulted in the resurrection of a further 9 taxa. However, the figures do not represent the total diversity of Malagasy lemurs because more new species are being identified via new field studies and accompanying genetic research, and should be described in the near future.
• • Williams, S. H., Vinyard, C. J., Glander, K. E., Deffenbaugh, M., Teaford, M. F., & Thompson, C. L..
  • 2008.
  • Telemetry system for assessing jaw-muscle function in freeranging primates.
  • Journal Articles
  • Int J Primatol
  • 29
  • 1441-1453
  • DOI 10.1007/s10764-008-9292-3
  • 2008
  Abstract

  In vivo laboratory-based studies describing jaw-muscle activity and mandibular bone strain during mastication provide the empirical basis for most evolutionary hypotheses linking primate masticatory apparatus form to diet. However, the laboratory data pose a potential problem for testing predictions of these hypotheses because estimates of masticatory function and performance recorded in the laboratory may lack the appropriate ecological context for understanding adaptation and evolution. For example, in laboratory studies researchers elicit rhythmic chewing using foods that may differ significantly from the diets of wild primates. Because the textural and mechanical properties of foods influence jaw-muscle activity and the resulting strains, chewing behaviors studied in the laboratory may not adequately reflect chewing behaviors of primates feeding in their natural habitats. To circumvent this limitation of laboratory-based studies of primate mastication, we developed a system for recording jaw-muscle electromyograms(EMGs) from free-ranging primates so that researchers can conduct studies of primate jaw-muscle function in vivo in the field. We used the system to record jawmuscle EMGs from mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) at Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica. These are the first EMGs recorded from a noncaptive primate feeding in its natural habitat. Further refinements of the system will allow long-term EMG data collection so that researchers can correlate jaw-muscle function with food mechanical properties and behavioral observations. In addition to furthering understanding of primate feeding biology, our work will foster improved adaptive hypotheses explaining the evolution of primate jaw form.
• • Teaford M.F., P.W. Lucas, P.S. Ungar, and K.E. Glander.
  • 2006.
  • Mechanical defenses in leaves eaten by Costa Rican howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
  • Journal Articles
  • Amer. J. Phy. Anth.
  • 129
  • 99–104
  • 2006
  Abstract

  Primate species often eat foods of different physical properties. This may have implications for tooth structure and wear in those species. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical defenses of leaves eaten by Alouatta palliata from different social groups at Hacienda La Pacifica in Costa Rica. Leaves were sampled from the home-ranges of groups living in different microhabitats. Specimens were collected during the wet and dry seasons from the same tree, same plant part, and same degree of development as those eaten by the monkeys. The toughness of over 300 leaves was estimated using a scissors test on a Darvell mechanical tester. Toughness values were compared between social groups, seasons, and locations on the leaves using ANOVA. Representative samples of leaves were also sun-dried for subsequent scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses in an attempt to locate silica on the leaves. Both forms of mechanical defense (toughness and silica) were found to be at work in the plants at La Pacifica. Fracture toughness varied significantly by location within single leaves, indicating that measures of fracture toughness must be standardized by location on food items. Monkeys made some food choices based on fracture toughness by avoiding the toughest parts of leaves and consuming the least tough portions. Intergroup and seasonal differences in the toughness of foods suggest that subtle differences in resource availability can have a significant impact on diet and feeding in Alouatta palliata. Intergroup differences in the incidence of silica on leaves raise the possibility of matching differences in the rates and patterns of tooth wear. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:99–104, 2006. VVC 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• • Glander, K.E..
  • 1994.
  • Nonhuman primate self-medication with wild plant foods
  • Book Sections/Chapters
  • Eating On The Wild Side: The Pharmacologic, Ecologic, and Social Implications Of Using Noncultigens
  • 227-239
  • Tucson & London:
  • University of Arizona Press.
  • 1994
• • Seigler, D. S., G. F. Pauli, R. Frohlich, E. Wegelius, A. Nahrstedt, K. E. Glander, & J. E. Ebinger.
  • 2005.
  • Cyanogenic glycosides and menisdaurin from Guazuma ulmifolia, Ostrya virginiana, Tiquilia plicata, and Tiquilia canescens
  • Journal Articles
  • Phytochemistry
  • 66
  • 1567–1580
  Abstract

  The major cyanogenic glycoside of Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) is (2R)-taxiphyllin (>90%), which co-occurs with (2S)-dhurrin. Few individuals of this species, but occasional other members of the family, have been reported to be cyanogenic. To date, cyanogenic compounds have not been characterized from the Sterculiaceae. The cyanogenic glycosides of Ostrya virginiana (Betulaceae) are (2S)-dhurrin and (2R)- taxiphyllin in an approximate 2:1 ratio. This marks the first report of the identification of cyanogenic compounds from the Betulaceae. Based on NMR spectroscopic and TLC data, the major cyanogenic glucoside of Tiquilia plicata is dhurrin, whereas the major cyanide-releasing compound of Tiquilia canescens is the nitrile glucoside, menisdaurin. NMR and TLC data indicate that both compounds are present in each of these species. The spectrum was examined by CI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, 1D selective TOCSY, NOESY, and 1J/2,3J HETCOR experiments; all carbons and protons are assigned. The probable absolute configuration of (2R)-dhurrin is established by an X-ray crystal structure. The 1H NMR spectrum of menisdaurin is more complex than might be anticipated, containing a planar conjugated system in which most elements are coupled to several other atoms in the molecule. The coupling of one vinyl proton to the protons on the opposite side of the ring involves a 6J- and a 5/7J-coupling pathway. A biogenetic pathway for the origin of nitrile glucosides is proposed. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• • Dennis, J.C., P.S. Ungar, M.F. Teaford, & K.E.Glander.
  • 2004.
  • Dental topography and molar wear in Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica
  • Journal Articles
  • American Journal of Physical Anthropology
  • 125
  • 152-161
  Abstract

  Paleoprimatologists depend on relation-ships between form and function of teeth to reconstruct the diets of fossil species. Most of this work has been limited to studies of unworn teeth. A new approach, dental topographic analysis, allows the characterization and comparison of worn primate teeth. Variably worn museum specimens have been used to construct species-specific wear sequences so that measurements can be compared by wear stage among taxa with known differences in diet. This assumes that individuals in a species tend to wear their molar teeth in similar ways, a supposition that has yet to be tested. Here we evaluate this assumption with a longitudinal study of changes in tooth form over time in primates. Fourteen individual mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) were captured and then recaptured after 2, 4, and 7 years when possible at Hacienda La Pacifica in Costa Rica between 1989 –1999. Dental impressions were taken each time, and molar casts were produced and analyzed using dental topographic analysis. Results showed consistent decreases in crown slope and occlusal relief. In contrast, crown angularity, a measure of surface jaggedness, remained fairly constant except with extreme wear. There were no evident differences between specimens collected in different microhabitats. These re- sults suggest that different individual mantled howling monkeys wear their teeth down in similar ways, evidently following a species-specific wear sequence. Dental topo- graphic analysis may therefore be used to compare mor- phology among similarly worn individuals from different species. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:152–161, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• • Zaldivar, M. E., K.E Glander, O. Rocha, G. Aguilar, E. Vargus, G.A. Gutierrez-Espeleta,, R. Sanchez..
  • 2003.
  • Genetic Variation of Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Costa Rica
  • Journal Articles
  • Biotropica
  • 35
  • 375-381
  • 2003
  Abstract

  We examined genetic diversity of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Costa Rica. Blood samples of howler monkeys were collected at various locations in Costa Rica, and electrophoresis of total plasma proteins yielded no variation. We also conducted starch gel electrophoresis of red cell isozymes and did not find variation for any of the 14 loci analyzed (i.e., ACP, ADA, CA2, EST, GPI, IDH, LDH-1, LDH-2, MDH, PGD, PGM-1, PGM-2, SOD, and TPI). These findings were compared with the levels of genetic variation for A. seniculus and A. belzebul from one Brazilian population. Four of the 14 isozymes (ADA, GPI, PGD, and SOD) showed more than one allele for these species. Both A. seniculus and A. belzebul from Brazil showed similar levels of genetic variation. The potential causes of the low genetic variation in A. palliata from Costa Rica are discussed.